Guangzhou Zhenshun Plastics Raw Materials Co., Ltd.
Guangzhou Zhenshun Plastics Raw Materials Co., Ltd.
3

08

2020-09

The PMMA Section of the Popular 5G Material—PC/PMMA Composite Material

Overview PMMA, chemically known as polymethyl methacrylate, is commonly referred to as acrylic, acryl (from the English word "Acrylic"), or organic glass due to its excellent light transmission. Its English name is Polymethyl methacrylate, abbreviated as PMMA; its molecular formula is [CH2C(CH3)(COOCH3)]n; its CAS number is 9011-14-7. It is polymerized from methyl methacrylate monomer MMA. PMMA boasts excellent transparency, chemical stability, weather resistance, ease of coloring, easy processing, and a beautiful appearance, making it widely used in fields such as construction, advertising, transportation, medicine, industry, and lighting. Technical Overview PMMA is produced by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) under the action of crosslinking agents, catalysts, and other additives. The basic chemical reaction equation is shown below: In the early 1930s, ROHM Company in Germany successfully developed the bulk polymerization technology for PMMA production and achieved industrial-scale production. In the 1960s, Resart-Ihm Company in Germany and Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (MRC) in Japan successively developed suspension polymerization and continuous bulk polymerization technologies for PMMA production, both of which were commercialized in the 1970s. In the late 1970s, Resart-Ihm Company in Germany and KSH Company in the U.S. jointly invested with Polymer Technology Inc. (PTI) to develop solution polymerization technology for PMMA production. In the early 1980s, an industrial-scale production facility was established in the U.S. By the late 1980s, global MMA production had increased rapidly, promoting the scaling up and continuous production of PMMA. Due to the technological blockade on bulk polymerization, by the late 1990s, solution polymerization technology had become the mainstream technology in the international market. Therefore, currently, the main PMMA production technologies are suspension polymerization, solution polymerization, and bulk polymerization. Suspension Polymerization: The polymerization system has low viscosity, making mass and heat transfer easy to control. The process flow is short, and the polymer solution only requires simple post-processing steps such as separation, washing, and drying to obtain the resin product, which can be directly used for molding and processing. The technology is mature, and equipment investment costs are low. However, the production capacity is relatively low, the product purity is poor (high residual monomer and ash content), large-scale continuous production is not feasible, and wastewater treatment volumes are substantial. The following figure shows the flow diagram of suspension polymerization. Solution Polymerization: The polymerization system has low viscosity, making mass and heat transfer easy to control. It allows for large-scale continuous production and avoids wastewater treatment issues. However, since the polymerization system contains a large amount of solvent, the monomer concentration is low, resulting in a slower polymerization rate and lower equipment utilization and production capacity. The polymer solution needs to undergo multi-stage flash evaporation, granulation, and other post-processing steps to obtain the resin product. Meanwhile, the large amounts of solvent and unreacted monomers removed must be purified by distillation and recycled, leading to high post-processing energy consumption and increased production costs. The use of additives is minimal, resulting in fewer impurities in the product and better thermal stability. The following figure shows the flow diagram of solution polymerization. Bulk Polymerization: The polymerization system contains no solvent, the material viscosity is high, and mass and heat transfer control is relatively difficult, placing very strict requirements on the process and equipment, making operation more challenging. However, the product is pure, highly transparent, and there are no wastewater treatment issues. Only a small amount of unreacted monomer needs to be recovered, and post-processing energy consumption is low. The following figure shows the flow diagram of bulk polymerization. In industrial PMMA production, small-scale batch production generally uses suspension polymerization, while large-scale continuous production mainly employs solution polymerization and bulk polymerization. The following figure illustrates the technical characteristics of these three PMMA polymerization methods. Production Status In 2019, China had over 300 PMMA production enterprises with a total capacity of approximately 800,000 tons per year. Among them, major producers include Qimei Zhenjiang, Luyang Nantong, Evonik Germany, Shuangxiang Suzhou, Wanhua Chemical, Lucite International, Longxin Heilongjiang, Huiling Hua Cheng, Jingqi Shanghai, Shenchun Ningbo, and Coca-Cola Zhangjiagang, with a combined capacity of about 620,000 tons per year. Additionally, China has numerous small-scale manufacturers that produce PMMA through pyrolysis, mainly located in East China and South China. These companies recycle PMMA products, edge materials, and head materials generated during PMMA production and processing to re-pyrolyze them into MMA, which is then used to produce PMMA again. Due to limitations in raw material quality and technological levels, these products cannot guarantee consistent quality and cannot compete with foreign products, so they are limited to the low-end market. China's pyrolysis-based PMMA capacity is about 180,000 tons per year. The major producers are located in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Shandong in East China, Guangdong in South China, and Heilongjiang in Northeast China. Other regions in China do not have PMMA production facilities, mainly because the primary raw material MMA is also concentrated in East and South China (see "Current Status and Future Trends of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)" for details). Moreover, East and South China have relatively active economies, and these regions are also the main consumption areas for PMMA. Thus, domestic PMMA production is primarily concentrated in East and South China. Since China’s PMMA industry started relatively late, foreign-invested enterprises are the main PMMA producers in China, accounting for 50% of the market share. If we exclude the capacity of pyrolysis-based PMMA producers, the share of foreign companies rises to 65%. Therefore, domestic PMMA producers still have significant room for improvement, and the outlook is promising! In 2019, the dominant PMMA production process in China was bulk polymerization, accounting for 52%; basically, all projects using bulk polymerization were either foreign-funded enterprises or newly built projects within the past two years. Solution polymerization accounted for 25%, mainly used by Taiwanese enterprises and some older domestic projects. Additionally, we can see that the low-end technology of producing PMMA from recycled materials and edge scraps accounts for 23%. With industrial upgrading and stricter environmental regulations, this segment of capacity will surely be replaced by advanced processes such as bulk polymerization. In 2019, China’s PMMA production was expected to reach 300,000 tons, an 11% increase over 2018. As domestic PMMA production increases, the self-sufficiency rate has also been steadily rising—from 45% in 2010 to 60% in 2019. Application Overview As an excellent transparent material, PMMA is widely used in various lamps, lighting fixtures, optical glass, instrument dials, covers, scales, optical fibers, shop windows, billboards, aircraft cabin windows, bulletproof glass for airplanes and cars, and various types of glass for medical, military, and architectural applications. In recent years, with the advent of 5G and advances in PMMA modification and composite material technologies, PMMA applications have expanded into areas such as mobile phone back covers, optical display materials, and plastic optical fibers. In particular, the rapid growth of the liquid crystal display (LCD) market has led to a significant increase in demand for optical-grade PMMA mold plastics. The following figure shows China’s main PMMA consumption sectors. Future Trend Overview With the continued development of China’s construction, decoration, and transportation industries, the market demand for PMMA-related products in China will continue to grow. Specialty PMMA products, such as radiation-resistant PMMA, optical fibers, and solar photovoltaic cells, remain largely untapped, while high-purity disc-grade PMMA, widely used abroad, is just beginning to take off in China. As the LCD manufacturing industry develops, demand for light guide plate materials will increase, creating a huge consumer market for optical-grade PMMA. Therefore, we expect PMMA’s annual growth rate to be between 8% and 12% in the coming years. Meanwhile, in the future, new PMMA projects are planned by Shandong Qiheng New Materials, Dongming Huayi Yuhuang New Materials, and Suzhou Shuangxiang Optical Materials, adding about 500,000 tons of new capacity.

2020-09-08

The PMMA Section of the Popular 5G Material—PC/PMMA Composite Material

08

2020-09

Essential Knowledge: Ten Common-Sense Tips You Must Know About ABS

Here are some common-sense tips for using motorcycle ABS, compiled especially for fellow riders: I. How to Properly Use ABS During Emergency Braking? 1. Grip the clutch firmly, press the brake pedal hard, and keep your foot firmly on the pedal. (We recommend gripping the clutch as tightly as possible, because if the clutch isn't fully disengaged, it will impart a forward motion to the rear wheel, while the brake aims to stop the tire. Repeatedly doing this can cause the rear wheel to bounce on the ground, affecting both vehicle stability and braking performance.) 2. Once you feel the handlebar or pedal vibrate, don't release the brake until the vehicle comes completely to a stop. II. Under What Circumstances Will ABS Be Activated? 1. ABS is an Anti-lock Braking System that only activates during braking. 2. When you apply strong braking force, and the wheel speed reaches a preset threshold, ABS will activate. 3. The activation threshold of ABS varies depending on the road surface—for example, it's harder to trigger on concrete roads but much easier on gravel or sandy surfaces. III. Why Is It So Hard to Trigger ABS in My Bike Even Though It Has ABS? 1. Most current motorcycles have extremely high deceleration limits, so you need to apply significant braking force on dry concrete to trigger ABS. 2. Some motorcycles have relatively weak basic braking systems. Note: ABS is the last line of defense to ensure rider safety. Typically, ABS manufacturers set the system to avoid activating unless absolutely necessary, which is why triggering ABS is relatively difficult (triggering at the rear axle is somewhat easier). Safe riding is the most important thing. IV. Which Road Surfaces Are More Likely to Trigger ABS? Generally speaking, the lower the coefficient of friction of the road surface, the easier it is to trigger ABS. For example, grass, wet roads, marble pavements, snowy roads, and dusty roads are all more likely to activate ABS. V. What’s the Difference Between Single-Channel and Dual-Channel ABS? How Do They Differ in Use? Single-channel ABS means only the front wheel has ABS, while the rear wheel does not. Dual-channel ABS means both the front and rear wheels have ABS. Actually, when we talk about the differences and how they differ in use, the main focus is on the rear-wheel ABS—how effective it really is. 1. From a braking-force perspective: Due to the motorcycle’s structural design, the center of gravity shifts forward during braking, putting greater pressure on the front wheel and causing the rear wheel to lift slightly. This makes it seem intuitively that the rear brake lacks sufficient force and can’t effectively stop the bike. Thus, from a braking-force standpoint, the rear-wheel ABS doesn’t play a major role. 2. From a stability perspective: If the rear wheel locks up, it can cause the bike to skid sideways, which may be harder for novice riders to control. Moreover, since there’s no wheel-speed sensor on the rear wheel, the bike’s instantaneous response capability will be weaker when encountering sudden changes in road conditions. On low-friction surfaces like snowy roads or marble pavements, braking stability and deceleration will also be affected. Additionally, functions like anti-tail-lift algorithms rely on monitoring the rear-wheel status; without a wheel-speed sensor, these features can’t function properly. Currently, single-channel ABS is mainly used on bikes under 200cc, with most being scooters. VI. Can Vehicles Equipped with ABS Replace Tires or Calipers? This is a question many riders are concerned about. My answer here is: Yes, you can—but it’s not recommended, especially when it comes to calipers. The reason it’s not recommended is that making changes to these systems yourself often leads to ABS-related issues. Manufacturers may refuse to provide warranty coverage. For tires: ABS manufacturers take tire wear into account when calibrating the system, so if you replace them with tires that offer better grip, the ABS anti-lock function should still work normally within the allowable range. However, it can’t guarantee that braking performance will be at its absolute best. As for calipers: Personally, I’d only recommend upgrading the master cylinder. As for changing from dual-piston to four-piston calipers, I wouldn’t recommend it at all. We can’t guarantee what problems might arise after such modifications. VII. Why Does It Feel Like My Bike Isn’t Braking Effectively After Installing ABS? Usually, this issue affects the rear axle. Without ABS, when the rear brake locks up and drags on the ground, it feels like the bike is braking. But after installing ABS, that sound disappears, making it feel like the bike isn’t braking effectively. In reality, this is mostly psychological. You can find a stretch of road and test the difference in braking distance between when ABS is on and off. Also, modern ABS systems have been enhanced to address this issue, and you’ll now hear a louder feedback from the rear axle. Pay attention to whether the tire pressure is too high, whether the rim has dents, whether the brake fluid is too dirty, or whether the calipers are excessively dirty. VIII. Does ABS Increase Braking Distance? This is a false proposition. Raising this question usually reflects skepticism toward ABS—or simply being argumentative. Theoretically, ABS does increase braking distance compared to a situation without ABS under extreme conditions. But you need to pay attention to what “extreme conditions” mean: These are scenarios that are nearly impossible to achieve. Even top drivers would need multiple braking attempts on the same road surface to determine its true limit. In our daily riding, each braking action is a single, one-time event—it’s either successful or not. You can’t say, “I didn’t brake well this time and crashed,” then ask me to try again—I’d definitely brake better next time. Sorry, life happens only once. Therefore, ABS doesn’t increase braking distance; on the contrary, it actually reduces it. IX. Can ABS Be Used While Cornering? If your bike is equipped with cornering ABS, then yes, you can use it. With regular ABS, please use it cautiously when cornering and quickly straighten the bike out. When the bike is leaning in a turn, the friction between the tires and the road surface is weaker than when the ABS was calibrated. Using ABS in this situation could lead to the bike falling over due to excessive force. X. Is It Normal That You Can’t Press the Brake Again After the First Pump During ABS Braking? It depends on the situation: Any manufacturer’s basic ABS version will exhibit this phenomenon when performing low-speed pump braking—even in cars. If you’ve read a car manual, you might have noticed this note about ABS: “Because your vehicle is equipped with ABS, please avoid pumping the brakes as much as possible.” This is determined by the principle behind ABS. For motorcycle ABS, we’ve conducted experiments showing that the frequency of double-brake-pumping is typically around 350 milliseconds—the interval between the first brake squeeze, release, and second squeeze. Nowadays, ABS systems come with mechanisms that ensure normal braking even during pump braking, though you may still feel some stiffness in your hands. If, after the first pump, you can’t squeeze the brake lever at all during the second pump and there’s no reduction in speed, this could have been possible in older models—it was an algorithm issue. But this generation basically doesn’t have that problem anymore.

2020-09-08

Essential Knowledge: Ten Common-Sense Tips You Must Know About ABS

08

2020-09

You can still manage even if you don’t understand mold design: A comprehensive guide to the shrinkage rates of various plastic materials

Shrinkage rates vary depending on the size of the product and the thickness of the molded part. In general, our designs include a range of shrinkage values. For large molds, we typically start by testing a set of molds with roughly the same dimensions to determine the actual shrinkage rate before proceeding with mold production. For smaller molds, the shrinkage differences are usually minimal. Additionally, different material grades can lead to varying shrinkage rates, so it’s crucial to consider this factor before starting mold production. I think that for materials like ABS, PC, ABS+PC, and AS—whose inherent shrinkage rates are relatively low—this isn’t much of an issue. But for new or recycled materials with high shrinkage rates, such as PP, PA, and PVC, the situation is quite different. PMMA (Acrylic): 5/1000 POM (Delrin): 20/1000 PS (Hard Plastic): 5/1000 PP (Polypropylene): 16/1000 PC (Polycarbonate): 5/1000 ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene): 5/1000 HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene): 5/1000 AS (Transparent High Impact Plastic): 5/1000 GPPS: 5/1000 PBT: 15/1000 PA66 (Nylon): 16/1000 PA6 (Nylon): 9/1000 TPR (Thermoplastic Rubber): 18/1000 TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane): 18/1000 PE (Soft Plastic): 20/1000 KVA (Rubber-like Plastic): 20/1000 GP (Hard Plastic): 5/1000 CA (Acidic Plastic): 5/1000 K-Tang (KRATON): 20/1000 ACETAL (AC): 20/1000 PU: 20/1000 PVC (Soft): 20/1000 PC+ABS: 5/1000 BDS (K-RESIN0)/K Material: 7/1000 PA66+50% GPT: 2/1000 PA66+30% GPT: 3/1000 PA66+15% GPT: 8/1000 PBT+30% GPT: 3/1000 PP+20% GPT: 5/1000 PP+30% GPT: 3/1000 The above shrinkage rates have been determined through years of practical experience and are absolutely reliable when the product dimensions do not exceed 300 mm and the average wall thickness does not exceed 3 mm. If the product dimensions exceed 300 mm, an additional correction factor of 0.0005 should be applied. For products with significant differences in length, width, and height, the shrinkage calculations must be performed separately along the X, Y, and Z axes. Special attention should also be paid when the average wall thickness of the product is too thick or too thin (below 0.5 mm), as well as when the product dimensions are large. Moreover, even for the same type of plastic, the actual shrinkage rate during mold opening can vary significantly depending on the specific product design! Below is a comprehensive list of shrinkage rates summarized by a senior engineer based on many years of practical experience—let’s take a closer look! ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) Image: ABS application in automobiles Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0045 Molded Product Types: Printer casing, car audio panel, lower cover of Samsung remote control Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0035 Molded Product Types: DVD faceplate, 500x35x30 Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.005 Molded Product Types: Mobile phone case, mobile phone buttons, device housing, medical equipment, Midea water dispenser, electrical box, kitchenware, upper cover of Samsung remote control, auto parts, car audio, car MP3 enclosure, flashlight housing, Fengfan bracket (DVD faceplate), PDA/GPS holder, measuring instrument accessories Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.003 Molded Product Types: Keycaps Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0025 Molded Product Types: Base support for VTech's parent-child devices Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 5/1000 Molded Product Types: Electrical appliance housing Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.6% Molded Product Types: Auto parts (for export) Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.015 Molded Product Types: Controller box Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.003 Molded Product Types: Device housing (IML process) Plastic Name: ABS Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0035 Molded Product Types: LCD frame PP (Polypropylene) Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.035 Molded Product Types: 8" caster wheels Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.015 Molded Product Types: Midea electric kettle Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.016 Molded Product Types: Auto parts (reflectors), kitchenware Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0155 Molded Product Types: Honda car casing Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.018 Molded Product Types: Trays, medical basins Image: PP medical products Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.025 Molded Product Types: Combination lock Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 16/1000 Molded Product Types: Tableware Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.06 Molded Product Types: Cosmetic bottle caps Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.020 Molded Product Types: Medical equipment Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.015 Molded Product Types: Yunnan Baiyao cap PP+TA (Calcium Carbonate) 30% ---------- 1% PP+GF 30% ------------ 0.5% Plastic Name: PP+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.01 Molded Product Types: Exhaust grille Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.02 Molded Product Types: Washing machine housing Plastic Name: PP Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.011 Molded Product Types: Rice cooker middle ring Plastic Name: PP-R 4.2 wall thickness Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.017 Molded Product Types: PPR pipe Plastic Name: PP-R 10 wall thickness Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.025 Molded Product Types: PPR pipe Plastic Name: PP+15% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.015 Molded Product Types: Headrest inner panel/lumbar support inner panel for office chairs PE (Polyethylene) Plastic Name: H-PE Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.018 Molded Product Types: Midea electric kettle Plastic Name: PE Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.02 Molded Product Types: Soft gears Plastic Name: HDPE Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 1.02 Molded Product Types: Export products Plastic Name: HDPE Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.018 Molded Product Types: Strong-release threaded bottle caps PA (Nylon) Plastic Name: PA6T, PA9T Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 3–5‰ Molded Product Types: Connectors Plastic Name: PA66 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 16‰ Molded Product Types: Window locks Plastic Name: PA66 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0079 Molded Product Types: PCB connector plastic parts Plastic Name: PA+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.013 Molded Product Types: Zongshen motorcycle parts Plastic Name: PA66+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.005 Molded Product Types: Office chair legs Plastic Name: PA+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.0035 Molded Product Types: Auto parts (reflectors) Plastic Name: PA66 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.09 Molded Product Types: Fan COVER PA+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.007 Power plug internal frame PBT+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.005 Power plug internal frame Plastic Name: PA66 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.018 Molded Product Types: Locks Plastic Name: PA6 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.020 Molded Product Types: Latch rocker arm Plastic Name: PA66+%15GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 1.009 Molded Product Types: Car gear shift knob Plastic Name: PA66+%30GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 1.005 Molded Product Types: Car gear shift housing Plastic Name: PA+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.013 Molded Product Types: Switch housing PA6 (Nylon): 9/1000? That can't be right! Is such a small shrinkage rate really feasible? I remember several wheel hub designs I worked on used a shrinkage rate of 14/1000. Plastic Name: PA66 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.009 Molded Product Types: Cable ties Plastic Name: PA+15% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.01 Molded Product Types: Light-blocking core Plastic Name: PA+30% GF Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.005 Molded Product Types: 168 wind turbine blades Plastic Name: PA6512 Actual Mold Shrinkage Rate: 0.015 Product: Base fixture Plastic Name: Rubber-Nylon Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.01 Molded product type: Handle Plastic name: PA Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.015 Molded product type: Pull cord 107 Plastic name: PA66 Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.010 Molded product type: Home switch and socket base plate Plastic name: PA66 Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.006 Molded product type: Power strip protective cover Plastic name: PA66 Mold shrinkage rate: 0.012 Molded product type: Gadget Plastic name: PA6+30%GF Molded product type: Switch upper cover Mold shrinkage rate: 0.0035 Plastic name: PA66 Actual mold shrinkage rate: 1.0% Molded product type: Connector Plastic name: PA66GF30% Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: High-speed fan Plastic name: PA66+NPG25 Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0045 Molded product type: Siemens part (square cover type, with many ribs on the inner surface) Plastic name: PA6+35%GF Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.004 Molded product type: Automotive part (internal functional component) PC (Polycarbonate) Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: Mobile phone decorative parts, car audio buttons, mobile phone cases, medical devices Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0055 Molded product type: Automotive parts Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 8/1000 Molded product type: Mobile phone crystal case Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 4/1000 Molded product type: Laptop battery cover (average wall thickness 0.6 mm) Plastic name: PC940 Actual mold shrinkage rate: 8% Molded product type: Various plug socket housings Plastic name: PC+15%GF+2%SI Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.002 Molded product type: Printer housing Plastic name: PC+15%GF+2%SI+10%PTFE Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0025 Molded product type: Printer housing Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.004 Molded product type: Mobile phone case Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0045 Molded product type: Car audio button Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0036 Molded product type: Laptop battery cover Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.6% Molded product type: Socket Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: CD button Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.006 Molded product type: Switch PS (Polystyrene) Plastic name: PS Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: Toshiba, Hualing freezer drawer, toys Plastic name: PS Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.0045 Molded product type: Printer products Plastic name: PS Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: Accessories Click on the image to view "Understanding in One Picture: The Five Major Plastics of Japan's Toray" PVC Plastic name: PVC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.025 Molded product type: Automotive parts Plastic name: PVC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.03 Molded product type: Combination lock handle Plastic name: PVC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.02 Molded product type: Medical devices, waterproof rings Plastic name: PVC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.005 Molded product type: Blow-molded bottles Plastic name: PC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 1.015 Molded product type: Transparent cover for lamp holders Plastic name: CPVC Actual mold shrinkage rate: 0.015 Molded product type: Pipe fittings PMMA Plastic name: PM

2020-09-08

31

2020-07

Introduction to LG Chem’s TPEE Material KEYFLEX

TPE encompasses several types, including POE (MPO), TPO (TPE-O), SBC (TPE-S), TPV (TPE-V), TPU (TPE-U), COPE (TPE-E, TPEE, TPC-ET), and COPA (TPE-A, PEBA). Different types exhibit varying performance characteristics, as illustrated in the figure below.

2020-07-31

Introduction to LG Chem’s TPEE Material KEYFLEX

13

2020-05

During the pandemic prevention period, let’s talk about the differences between viruses and bacteria.

The difference between viruses and bacteria

2020-05-13

10

2020-02

Jiangxi Wugong Mountain, 19.04.20

Wugong Mountain, located in the central-western part of Jiangxi Province, China, spans across Luxi County in Pingxiang City, Anfu County in Ji'an City, and Yuanzhou District in Yichun City. Its main ridge stretches for over 120 kilometers, covering a total area of approximately 970 square kilometers. It’s a national 4A-level scenic area. With an elevation of 1,918 meters, Wugong Mountain is our destination for this trip—let’s set off!

2020-02-10

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